What is Medical Cannabis?
Medical cannabis refers to cannabis-based products used to treat medical conditions. In the UK, these are known as Cannabis-Based Products for Medicinal Use (CBPMs). They are prescribed by specialist doctors and are subject to strict quality and safety standards.
The Endocannabinoid System
The human body has a complex cell-signalling system called the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system plays a role in regulating a range of functions including pain, sleep, mood, appetite, memory, and immune response. The ECS consists of endocannabinoids (naturally produced by the body), receptors (CB1 and CB2), and enzymes.
Cannabinoids from the cannabis plant — primarily THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) — interact with the ECS receptors, which is why cannabis can affect these bodily functions.
THC vs CBD
- THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) — The primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. It binds to CB1 receptors in the brain and nervous system, producing the "high" associated with recreational cannabis. In medical use, THC can help with pain, nausea, and sleep.
- CBD (Cannabidiol) — Non-psychoactive and does not produce a high. CBD has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant properties. It is often preferred for patients who need symptom relief without psychoactive effects.
Forms of Medical Cannabis
Medical cannabis is available in several forms in the UK:
- Dried cannabis flower (for vaporisation — not smoking)
- Cannabis oils and tinctures
- Capsules and tablets
- Oromucosal sprays (e.g. Sativex)
- Licensed medicines (e.g. Epidyolex for epilepsy)
Is Medical Cannabis Legal in the UK?
Yes. Medical cannabis was legalised in the UK in November 2018. Specialist doctors (consultants) can prescribe CBPMs for patients whose conditions have not responded adequately to conventional treatments. However, it is not routinely available on the NHS, and most patients access it through private prescriptions.